pub struct Path { /* private fields */ }
Expand description
A slice of a path (akin to str
).
This type supports a number of operations for inspecting a path, including
breaking the path into its components (separated by /
on Unix and by either
/
or \
on Windows), extracting the file name, determining whether the path
is absolute, and so on.
This is an unsized type, meaning that it must always be used behind a
pointer like &
or Box
. For an owned version of this type,
see PathBuf
.
More details about the overall approach can be found in the module documentation.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
use std::ffi::OsStr;
// Note: this example does work on Windows
let path = Path::new("./foo/bar.txt");
let parent = path.parent();
assert_eq!(parent, Some(Path::new("./foo")));
let file_stem = path.file_stem();
assert_eq!(file_stem, Some(OsStr::new("bar")));
let extension = path.extension();
assert_eq!(extension, Some(OsStr::new("txt")));
RunImplementations§
source§impl Path
impl Path
sourcepub fn new<S: AsRef<OsStr> + ?Sized>(s: &S) -> &Path
pub fn new<S: AsRef<OsStr> + ?Sized>(s: &S) -> &Path
Directly wraps a string slice as a Path
slice.
This is a cost-free conversion.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
Path::new("foo.txt");
RunYou can create Path
s from String
s, or even other Path
s:
use std::path::Path;
let string = String::from("foo.txt");
let from_string = Path::new(&string);
let from_path = Path::new(&from_string);
assert_eq!(from_string, from_path);
Run1.70.0 · sourcepub fn as_mut_os_str(&mut self) -> &mut OsStr
pub fn as_mut_os_str(&mut self) -> &mut OsStr
sourcepub fn to_str(&self) -> Option<&str>
pub fn to_str(&self) -> Option<&str>
Yields a &str
slice if the Path
is valid unicode.
This conversion may entail doing a check for UTF-8 validity. Note that validation is performed because non-UTF-8 strings are perfectly valid for some OS.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("foo.txt");
assert_eq!(path.to_str(), Some("foo.txt"));
Runsourcepub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str>
pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str>
Converts a Path
to a Cow<str>
.
Any non-Unicode sequences are replaced with
U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER
.
§Examples
Calling to_string_lossy
on a Path
with valid unicode:
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("foo.txt");
assert_eq!(path.to_string_lossy(), "foo.txt");
RunHad path
contained invalid unicode, the to_string_lossy
call might
have returned "fo�.txt"
.
sourcepub fn to_path_buf(&self) -> PathBuf
pub fn to_path_buf(&self) -> PathBuf
sourcepub fn is_absolute(&self) -> bool
pub fn is_absolute(&self) -> bool
Returns true
if the Path
is absolute, i.e., if it is independent of
the current directory.
-
On Unix, a path is absolute if it starts with the root, so
is_absolute
andhas_root
are equivalent. -
On Windows, a path is absolute if it has a prefix and starts with the root:
c:\windows
is absolute, whilec:temp
and\temp
are not.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert!(!Path::new("foo.txt").is_absolute());
Runsourcepub fn is_relative(&self) -> bool
pub fn is_relative(&self) -> bool
Returns true
if the Path
is relative, i.e., not absolute.
See is_absolute
’s documentation for more details.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert!(Path::new("foo.txt").is_relative());
Runsourcepub fn has_root(&self) -> bool
pub fn has_root(&self) -> bool
Returns true
if the Path
has a root.
-
On Unix, a path has a root if it begins with
/
. -
On Windows, a path has a root if it:
- has no prefix and begins with a separator, e.g.,
\windows
- has a prefix followed by a separator, e.g.,
c:\windows
but notc:windows
- has any non-disk prefix, e.g.,
\\server\share
- has no prefix and begins with a separator, e.g.,
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert!(Path::new("/etc/passwd").has_root());
Runsourcepub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&Path>
pub fn parent(&self) -> Option<&Path>
Returns the Path
without its final component, if there is one.
This means it returns Some("")
for relative paths with one component.
Returns None
if the path terminates in a root or prefix, or if it’s
the empty string.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/foo/bar");
let parent = path.parent().unwrap();
assert_eq!(parent, Path::new("/foo"));
let grand_parent = parent.parent().unwrap();
assert_eq!(grand_parent, Path::new("/"));
assert_eq!(grand_parent.parent(), None);
let relative_path = Path::new("foo/bar");
let parent = relative_path.parent();
assert_eq!(parent, Some(Path::new("foo")));
let grand_parent = parent.and_then(Path::parent);
assert_eq!(grand_parent, Some(Path::new("")));
let great_grand_parent = grand_parent.and_then(Path::parent);
assert_eq!(great_grand_parent, None);
Run1.28.0 · sourcepub fn ancestors(&self) -> Ancestors<'_> ⓘ
pub fn ancestors(&self) -> Ancestors<'_> ⓘ
Produces an iterator over Path
and its ancestors.
The iterator will yield the Path
that is returned if the parent
method is used zero
or more times. That means, the iterator will yield &self
, &self.parent().unwrap()
,
&self.parent().unwrap().parent().unwrap()
and so on. If the parent
method returns
None
, the iterator will do likewise. The iterator will always yield at least one value,
namely &self
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let mut ancestors = Path::new("/foo/bar").ancestors();
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("/foo/bar")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("/foo")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("/")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), None);
let mut ancestors = Path::new("../foo/bar").ancestors();
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("../foo/bar")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("../foo")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("..")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), None);
Runsourcepub fn file_name(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
pub fn file_name(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
Returns the final component of the Path
, if there is one.
If the path is a normal file, this is the file name. If it’s the path of a directory, this is the directory name.
Returns None
if the path terminates in ..
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
use std::ffi::OsStr;
assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("bin")), Path::new("/usr/bin/").file_name());
assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")), Path::new("tmp/foo.txt").file_name());
assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")), Path::new("foo.txt/.").file_name());
assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")), Path::new("foo.txt/.//").file_name());
assert_eq!(None, Path::new("foo.txt/..").file_name());
assert_eq!(None, Path::new("/").file_name());
Run1.7.0 · sourcepub fn strip_prefix<P>(&self, base: P) -> Result<&Path, StripPrefixError>
pub fn strip_prefix<P>(&self, base: P) -> Result<&Path, StripPrefixError>
Returns a path that, when joined onto base
, yields self
.
§Errors
If base
is not a prefix of self
(i.e., starts_with
returns false
), returns Err
.
§Examples
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
let path = Path::new("/test/haha/foo.txt");
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/"), Ok(Path::new("test/haha/foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test"), Ok(Path::new("haha/foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test/"), Ok(Path::new("haha/foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test/haha/foo.txt"), Ok(Path::new("")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test/haha/foo.txt/"), Ok(Path::new("")));
assert!(path.strip_prefix("test").is_err());
assert!(path.strip_prefix("/haha").is_err());
let prefix = PathBuf::from("/test/");
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix(prefix), Ok(Path::new("haha/foo.txt")));
Runsourcepub fn starts_with<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, base: P) -> bool
pub fn starts_with<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, base: P) -> bool
Determines whether base
is a prefix of self
.
Only considers whole path components to match.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/etc/passwd");
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc"));
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/"));
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/passwd"));
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/passwd/")); // extra slash is okay
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/passwd///")); // multiple extra slashes are okay
assert!(!path.starts_with("/e"));
assert!(!path.starts_with("/etc/passwd.txt"));
assert!(!Path::new("/etc/foo.rs").starts_with("/etc/foo"));
Runsourcepub fn ends_with<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, child: P) -> bool
pub fn ends_with<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, child: P) -> bool
Determines whether child
is a suffix of self
.
Only considers whole path components to match.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/etc/resolv.conf");
assert!(path.ends_with("resolv.conf"));
assert!(path.ends_with("etc/resolv.conf"));
assert!(path.ends_with("/etc/resolv.conf"));
assert!(!path.ends_with("/resolv.conf"));
assert!(!path.ends_with("conf")); // use .extension() instead
Runsourcepub fn file_stem(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
pub fn file_stem(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
Extracts the stem (non-extension) portion of self.file_name
.
The stem is:
None
, if there is no file name;- The entire file name if there is no embedded
.
; - The entire file name if the file name begins with
.
and has no other.
s within; - Otherwise, the portion of the file name before the final
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.rs").file_stem().unwrap());
assert_eq!("foo.tar", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").file_stem().unwrap());
Run§See Also
This method is similar to Path::file_prefix
, which extracts the portion of the file name
before the first .
sourcepub fn file_prefix(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (path_file_prefix
#86319)
pub fn file_prefix(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
path_file_prefix
#86319)Extracts the prefix of self.file_name
.
The prefix is:
None
, if there is no file name;- The entire file name if there is no embedded
.
; - The portion of the file name before the first non-beginning
.
; - The entire file name if the file name begins with
.
and has no other.
s within; - The portion of the file name before the second
.
if the file name begins with.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.rs").file_prefix().unwrap());
assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").file_prefix().unwrap());
Run§See Also
This method is similar to Path::file_stem
, which extracts the portion of the file name
before the last .
sourcepub fn extension(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
pub fn extension(&self) -> Option<&OsStr>
Extracts the extension (without the leading dot) of self.file_name
, if possible.
The extension is:
None
, if there is no file name;None
, if there is no embedded.
;None
, if the file name begins with.
and has no other.
s within;- Otherwise, the portion of the file name after the final
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert_eq!("rs", Path::new("foo.rs").extension().unwrap());
assert_eq!("gz", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").extension().unwrap());
Runsourcepub fn join<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, path: P) -> PathBuf
pub fn join<P: AsRef<Path>>(&self, path: P) -> PathBuf
Creates an owned PathBuf
with path
adjoined to self
.
If path
is absolute, it replaces the current path.
See PathBuf::push
for more details on what it means to adjoin a path.
§Examples
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
assert_eq!(Path::new("/etc").join("passwd"), PathBuf::from("/etc/passwd"));
assert_eq!(Path::new("/etc").join("/bin/sh"), PathBuf::from("/bin/sh"));
Runsourcepub fn with_file_name<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, file_name: S) -> PathBuf
pub fn with_file_name<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, file_name: S) -> PathBuf
Creates an owned PathBuf
like self
but with the given file name.
See PathBuf::set_file_name
for more details.
§Examples
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
let path = Path::new("/tmp/foo.png");
assert_eq!(path.with_file_name("bar"), PathBuf::from("/tmp/bar"));
assert_eq!(path.with_file_name("bar.txt"), PathBuf::from("/tmp/bar.txt"));
let path = Path::new("/tmp");
assert_eq!(path.with_file_name("var"), PathBuf::from("/var"));
Runsourcepub fn with_extension<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, extension: S) -> PathBuf
pub fn with_extension<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, extension: S) -> PathBuf
Creates an owned PathBuf
like self
but with the given extension.
See PathBuf::set_extension
for more details.
§Examples
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
let path = Path::new("foo.rs");
assert_eq!(path.with_extension("txt"), PathBuf::from("foo.txt"));
let path = Path::new("foo.tar.gz");
assert_eq!(path.with_extension(""), PathBuf::from("foo.tar"));
assert_eq!(path.with_extension("xz"), PathBuf::from("foo.tar.xz"));
assert_eq!(path.with_extension("").with_extension("txt"), PathBuf::from("foo.txt"));
Runsourcepub fn components(&self) -> Components<'_> ⓘ
pub fn components(&self) -> Components<'_> ⓘ
Produces an iterator over the Component
s of the path.
When parsing the path, there is a small amount of normalization:
-
Repeated separators are ignored, so
a/b
anda//b
both havea
andb
as components. -
Occurrences of
.
are normalized away, except if they are at the beginning of the path. For example,a/./b
,a/b/
,a/b/.
anda/b
all havea
andb
as components, but./a/b
starts with an additionalCurDir
component. -
A trailing slash is normalized away,
/a/b
and/a/b/
are equivalent.
Note that no other normalization takes place; in particular, a/c
and a/b/../c
are distinct, to account for the possibility that b
is a symbolic link (so its parent isn’t a
).
§Examples
use std::path::{Path, Component};
use std::ffi::OsStr;
let mut components = Path::new("/tmp/foo.txt").components();
assert_eq!(components.next(), Some(Component::RootDir));
assert_eq!(components.next(), Some(Component::Normal(OsStr::new("tmp"))));
assert_eq!(components.next(), Some(Component::Normal(OsStr::new("foo.txt"))));
assert_eq!(components.next(), None)
Runsourcepub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_> ⓘ
pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_> ⓘ
Produces an iterator over the path’s components viewed as OsStr
slices.
For more information about the particulars of how the path is separated
into components, see components
.
§Examples
use std::path::{self, Path};
use std::ffi::OsStr;
let mut it = Path::new("/tmp/foo.txt").iter();
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(OsStr::new(&path::MAIN_SEPARATOR.to_string())));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(OsStr::new("tmp")));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(it.next(), None)
Runsourcepub fn display(&self) -> Display<'_>
pub fn display(&self) -> Display<'_>
Returns an object that implements Display
for safely printing paths
that may contain non-Unicode data. This may perform lossy conversion,
depending on the platform. If you would like an implementation which
escapes the path please use Debug
instead.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/tmp/foo.rs");
println!("{}", path.display());
Run1.5.0 · sourcepub fn metadata(&self) -> Result<Metadata>
pub fn metadata(&self) -> Result<Metadata>
Queries the file system to get information about a file, directory, etc.
This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.
This is an alias to fs::metadata
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/Minas/tirith");
let metadata = path.metadata().expect("metadata call failed");
println!("{:?}", metadata.file_type());
Run1.5.0 · sourcepub fn symlink_metadata(&self) -> Result<Metadata>
pub fn symlink_metadata(&self) -> Result<Metadata>
Queries the metadata about a file without following symlinks.
This is an alias to fs::symlink_metadata
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/Minas/tirith");
let metadata = path.symlink_metadata().expect("symlink_metadata call failed");
println!("{:?}", metadata.file_type());
Run1.5.0 · sourcepub fn canonicalize(&self) -> Result<PathBuf>
pub fn canonicalize(&self) -> Result<PathBuf>
Returns the canonical, absolute form of the path with all intermediate components normalized and symbolic links resolved.
This is an alias to fs::canonicalize
.
§Examples
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
let path = Path::new("/foo/test/../test/bar.rs");
assert_eq!(path.canonicalize().unwrap(), PathBuf::from("/foo/test/bar.rs"));
Run1.5.0 · sourcepub fn read_link(&self) -> Result<PathBuf>
pub fn read_link(&self) -> Result<PathBuf>
Reads a symbolic link, returning the file that the link points to.
This is an alias to fs::read_link
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/laputa/sky_castle.rs");
let path_link = path.read_link().expect("read_link call failed");
Run1.5.0 · sourcepub fn read_dir(&self) -> Result<ReadDir>
pub fn read_dir(&self) -> Result<ReadDir>
Returns an iterator over the entries within a directory.
The iterator will yield instances of io::Result<fs::DirEntry>
. New
errors may be encountered after an iterator is initially constructed.
This is an alias to fs::read_dir
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
let path = Path::new("/laputa");
for entry in path.read_dir().expect("read_dir call failed") {
if let Ok(entry) = entry {
println!("{:?}", entry.path());
}
}
Run1.5.0 · sourcepub fn exists(&self) -> bool
pub fn exists(&self) -> bool
Returns true
if the path points at an existing entity.
Warning: this method may be error-prone, consider using try_exists()
instead!
It also has a risk of introducing time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) bugs.
This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.
If you cannot access the metadata of the file, e.g. because of a
permission error or broken symbolic links, this will return false
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert!(!Path::new("does_not_exist.txt").exists());
Run§See Also
This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to
check errors, call Path::try_exists
.
1.63.0 · sourcepub fn try_exists(&self) -> Result<bool>
pub fn try_exists(&self) -> Result<bool>
Returns Ok(true)
if the path points at an existing entity.
This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the
destination file. In case of broken symbolic links this will return Ok(false)
.
Path::exists()
only checks whether or not a path was both found and readable. By
contrast, try_exists
will return Ok(true)
or Ok(false)
, respectively, if the path
was verified to exist or not exist. If its existence can neither be confirmed nor
denied, it will propagate an Err(_)
instead. This can be the case if e.g. listing
permission is denied on one of the parent directories.
Note that while this avoids some pitfalls of the exists()
method, it still can not
prevent time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) bugs. You should only use it in scenarios
where those bugs are not an issue.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert!(!Path::new("does_not_exist.txt").try_exists().expect("Can't check existence of file does_not_exist.txt"));
assert!(Path::new("/root/secret_file.txt").try_exists().is_err());
Run1.5.0 · sourcepub fn is_file(&self) -> bool
pub fn is_file(&self) -> bool
Returns true
if the path exists on disk and is pointing at a regular file.
This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.
If you cannot access the metadata of the file, e.g. because of a
permission error or broken symbolic links, this will return false
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert_eq!(Path::new("./is_a_directory/").is_file(), false);
assert_eq!(Path::new("a_file.txt").is_file(), true);
Run§See Also
This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to
check errors, call fs::metadata
and handle its Result
. Then call
fs::Metadata::is_file
if it was Ok
.
When the goal is simply to read from (or write to) the source, the most
reliable way to test the source can be read (or written to) is to open
it. Only using is_file
can break workflows like diff <( prog_a )
on
a Unix-like system for example. See fs::File::open
or
fs::OpenOptions::open
for more information.
1.5.0 · sourcepub fn is_dir(&self) -> bool
pub fn is_dir(&self) -> bool
Returns true
if the path exists on disk and is pointing at a directory.
This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.
If you cannot access the metadata of the file, e.g. because of a
permission error or broken symbolic links, this will return false
.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
assert_eq!(Path::new("./is_a_directory/").is_dir(), true);
assert_eq!(Path::new("a_file.txt").is_dir(), false);
Run§See Also
This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to
check errors, call fs::metadata
and handle its Result
. Then call
fs::Metadata::is_dir
if it was Ok
.
1.58.0 · sourcepub fn is_symlink(&self) -> bool
pub fn is_symlink(&self) -> bool
Returns true
if the path exists on disk and is pointing at a symbolic link.
This function will not traverse symbolic links. In case of a broken symbolic link this will also return true.
If you cannot access the directory containing the file, e.g., because of a permission error, this will return false.
§Examples
use std::path::Path;
use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
let link_path = Path::new("link");
symlink("/origin_does_not_exist/", link_path).unwrap();
assert_eq!(link_path.is_symlink(), true);
assert_eq!(link_path.exists(), false);
Run§See Also
This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to
check errors, call fs::symlink_metadata
and handle its Result
. Then call
fs::Metadata::is_symlink
if it was Ok
.