Tokens
Tokens are primitive productions in the grammar defined by regular (non-recursive) languages. Rust source input can be broken down into the following kinds of tokens:
Within this documentation's grammar, "simple" tokens are given in string
table production form, and appear in monospace
font.
Literals
Literals are tokens used in literal expressions.
Examples
Characters and strings
Example | # sets1 | Characters | Escapes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Character | 'H' | 0 | All Unicode | Quote & ASCII & Unicode |
String | "hello" | 0 | All Unicode | Quote & ASCII & Unicode |
Raw string | r#"hello"# | <256 | All Unicode | N/A |
Byte | b'H' | 0 | All ASCII | Quote & Byte |
Byte string | b"hello" | 0 | All ASCII | Quote & Byte |
Raw byte string | br#"hello"# | <256 | All ASCII | N/A |
C string | c"hello" | 0 | All Unicode | Quote & Byte & Unicode |
Raw C string | cr#"hello"# | <256 | All Unicode | N/A |
The number of #
s on each side of the same literal must be equivalent.
ASCII escapes
Name | |
---|---|
\x41 | 7-bit character code (exactly 2 digits, up to 0x7F) |
\n | Newline |
\r | Carriage return |
\t | Tab |
\\ | Backslash |
\0 | Null |
Byte escapes
Name | |
---|---|
\x7F | 8-bit character code (exactly 2 digits) |
\n | Newline |
\r | Carriage return |
\t | Tab |
\\ | Backslash |
\0 | Null |
Unicode escapes
Name | |
---|---|
\u{7FFF} | 24-bit Unicode character code (up to 6 digits) |
Quote escapes
Name | |
---|---|
\' | Single quote |
\" | Double quote |
Numbers
Number literals2 | Example | Exponentiation |
---|---|---|
Decimal integer | 98_222 | N/A |
Hex integer | 0xff | N/A |
Octal integer | 0o77 | N/A |
Binary integer | 0b1111_0000 | N/A |
Floating-point | 123.0E+77 | Optional |
All number literals allow _
as a visual separator: 1_234.0E+18f64
Suffixes
A suffix is a sequence of characters following the primary part of a literal (without intervening whitespace), of the same form as a non-raw identifier or keyword.
Lexer
SUFFIX : IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD
SUFFIX_NO_E : SUFFIX not beginning withe
orE
Any kind of literal (string, integer, etc) with any suffix is valid as a token.
A literal token with any suffix can be passed to a macro without producing an error.
The macro itself will decide how to interpret such a token and whether to produce an error or not.
In particular, the literal
fragment specifier for by-example macros matches literal tokens with arbitrary suffixes.
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { macro_rules! blackhole { ($tt:tt) => () } macro_rules! blackhole_lit { ($l:literal) => () } blackhole!("string"suffix); // OK blackhole_lit!(1suffix); // OK }
However, suffixes on literal tokens which are interpreted as literal expressions or patterns are restricted. Any suffixes are rejected on non-numeric literal tokens, and numeric literal tokens are accepted only with suffixes from the list below.
Integer | Floating-point |
---|---|
u8 , i8 , u16 , i16 , u32 , i32 , u64 , i64 , u128 , i128 , usize , isize | f32 , f64 |
Character and string literals
Character literals
Lexer
CHAR_LITERAL :
'
( ~['
\
\n \r \t] | QUOTE_ESCAPE | ASCII_ESCAPE | UNICODE_ESCAPE )'
SUFFIX?QUOTE_ESCAPE :
\'
|\"
ASCII_ESCAPE :
\x
OCT_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT
|\n
|\r
|\t
|\\
|\0
UNICODE_ESCAPE :
\u{
( HEX_DIGIT_
* )1..6}
A character literal is a single Unicode character enclosed within two
U+0027
(single-quote) characters, with the exception of U+0027
itself,
which must be escaped by a preceding U+005C
character (\
).
String literals
Lexer
STRING_LITERAL :
"
(
~["
\
IsolatedCR]
| QUOTE_ESCAPE
| ASCII_ESCAPE
| UNICODE_ESCAPE
| STRING_CONTINUE
)*"
SUFFIX?STRING_CONTINUE :
\
followed by \n
A string literal is a sequence of any Unicode characters enclosed within two
U+0022
(double-quote) characters, with the exception of U+0022
itself,
which must be escaped by a preceding U+005C
character (\
).
Line-breaks are allowed in string literals.
A line-break is either a newline (U+000A
) or a pair of carriage return and newline (U+000D
, U+000A
).
Both byte sequences are translated to U+000A
.
When an unescaped U+005C
character (\
) occurs immediately before a line break, the line break does not appear in the string represented by the token.
See String continuation escapes for details.
Character escapes
Some additional escapes are available in either character or non-raw string
literals. An escape starts with a U+005C
(\
) and continues with one of the
following forms:
- A 7-bit code point escape starts with
U+0078
(x
) and is followed by exactly two hex digits with value up to0x7F
. It denotes the ASCII character with value equal to the provided hex value. Higher values are not permitted because it is ambiguous whether they mean Unicode code points or byte values. - A 24-bit code point escape starts with
U+0075
(u
) and is followed by up to six hex digits surrounded by bracesU+007B
({
) andU+007D
(}
). It denotes the Unicode code point equal to the provided hex value. - A whitespace escape is one of the characters
U+006E
(n
),U+0072
(r
), orU+0074
(t
), denoting the Unicode valuesU+000A
(LF),U+000D
(CR) orU+0009
(HT) respectively. - The null escape is the character
U+0030
(0
) and denotes the Unicode valueU+0000
(NUL). - The backslash escape is the character
U+005C
(\
) which must be escaped in order to denote itself.
Raw string literals
Lexer
RAW_STRING_LITERAL :
r
RAW_STRING_CONTENT SUFFIX?RAW_STRING_CONTENT :
"
( ~ IsolatedCR )* (non-greedy)"
|#
RAW_STRING_CONTENT#
Raw string literals do not process any escapes. They start with the character
U+0072
(r
), followed by fewer than 256 of the character U+0023
(#
) and a
U+0022
(double-quote) character. The raw string body can contain any sequence
of Unicode characters and is terminated only by another U+0022
(double-quote)
character, followed by the same number of U+0023
(#
) characters that preceded
the opening U+0022
(double-quote) character.
All Unicode characters contained in the raw string body represent themselves,
the characters U+0022
(double-quote) (except when followed by at least as
many U+0023
(#
) characters as were used to start the raw string literal) or
U+005C
(\
) do not have any special meaning.
Examples for string literals:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { "foo"; r"foo"; // foo "\"foo\""; r#""foo""#; // "foo" "foo #\"# bar"; r##"foo #"# bar"##; // foo #"# bar "\x52"; "R"; r"R"; // R "\\x52"; r"\x52"; // \x52 }
Byte and byte string literals
Byte literals
Lexer
BYTE_LITERAL :
b'
( ASCII_FOR_CHAR | BYTE_ESCAPE )'
SUFFIX?ASCII_FOR_CHAR :
any ASCII (i.e. 0x00 to 0x7F), except'
,\
, \n, \r or \tBYTE_ESCAPE :
\x
HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT
|\n
|\r
|\t
|\\
|\0
|\'
|\"
A byte literal is a single ASCII character (in the U+0000
to U+007F
range) or a single escape preceded by the characters U+0062
(b
) and
U+0027
(single-quote), and followed by the character U+0027
. If the character
U+0027
is present within the literal, it must be escaped by a preceding
U+005C
(\
) character. It is equivalent to a u8
unsigned 8-bit integer
number literal.
Byte string literals
Lexer
BYTE_STRING_LITERAL :
b"
( ASCII_FOR_STRING | BYTE_ESCAPE | STRING_CONTINUE )*"
SUFFIX?ASCII_FOR_STRING :
any ASCII (i.e 0x00 to 0x7F), except"
,\
and IsolatedCR
A non-raw byte string literal is a sequence of ASCII characters and escapes,
preceded by the characters U+0062
(b
) and U+0022
(double-quote), and
followed by the character U+0022
. If the character U+0022
is present within
the literal, it must be escaped by a preceding U+005C
(\
) character.
Alternatively, a byte string literal can be a raw byte string literal, defined
below.
Some additional escapes are available in either byte or non-raw byte string
literals. An escape starts with a U+005C
(\
) and continues with one of the
following forms:
- A byte escape escape starts with
U+0078
(x
) and is followed by exactly two hex digits. It denotes the byte equal to the provided hex value. - A whitespace escape is one of the characters
U+006E
(n
),U+0072
(r
), orU+0074
(t
), denoting the bytes values0x0A
(ASCII LF),0x0D
(ASCII CR) or0x09
(ASCII HT) respectively. - The null escape is the character
U+0030
(0
) and denotes the byte value0x00
(ASCII NUL). - The backslash escape is the character
U+005C
(\
) which must be escaped in order to denote its ASCII encoding0x5C
.
Raw byte string literals
Lexer
RAW_BYTE_STRING_LITERAL :
br
RAW_BYTE_STRING_CONTENT SUFFIX?RAW_BYTE_STRING_CONTENT :
"
ASCII* (non-greedy)"
|#
RAW_BYTE_STRING_CONTENT#
ASCII :
any ASCII (i.e. 0x00 to 0x7F)
Raw byte string literals do not process any escapes. They start with the
character U+0062
(b
), followed by U+0072
(r
), followed by fewer than 256
of the character U+0023
(#
), and a U+0022
(double-quote) character. The
raw string body can contain any sequence of ASCII characters and is terminated
only by another U+0022
(double-quote) character, followed by the same number of
U+0023
(#
) characters that preceded the opening U+0022
(double-quote)
character. A raw byte string literal can not contain any non-ASCII byte.
All characters contained in the raw string body represent their ASCII encoding,
the characters U+0022
(double-quote) (except when followed by at least as
many U+0023
(#
) characters as were used to start the raw string literal) or
U+005C
(\
) do not have any special meaning.
Examples for byte string literals:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { b"foo"; br"foo"; // foo b"\"foo\""; br#""foo""#; // "foo" b"foo #\"# bar"; br##"foo #"# bar"##; // foo #"# bar b"\x52"; b"R"; br"R"; // R b"\\x52"; br"\x52"; // \x52 }
C string and raw C string literals
C string literals
Lexer
C_STRING_LITERAL :
c"
(
~["
\
IsolatedCR NUL]
| BYTE_ESCAPE except\0
or\x00
| UNICODE_ESCAPE except\u{0}
,\u{00}
, …,\u{000000}
| STRING_CONTINUE
)*"
SUFFIX?
A C string literal is a sequence of Unicode characters and escapes,
preceded by the characters U+0063
(c
) and U+0022
(double-quote), and
followed by the character U+0022
. If the character U+0022
is present within
the literal, it must be escaped by a preceding U+005C
(\
) character.
Alternatively, a C string literal can be a raw C string literal, defined
below. The type of a C string literal is &core::ffi::CStr
.
C strings are implicitly terminated by byte 0x00
, so the C string literal
c""
is equivalent to manually constructing a &CStr
from the byte string
literal b"\x00"
. Other than the implicit terminator, byte 0x00
is not
permitted within a C string.
Some additional escapes are available in non-raw C string literals. An escape
starts with a U+005C
(\
) and continues with one of the following forms:
- A byte escape escape starts with
U+0078
(x
) and is followed by exactly two hex digits. It denotes the byte equal to the provided hex value. - A 24-bit code point escape starts with
U+0075
(u
) and is followed by up to six hex digits surrounded by bracesU+007B
({
) andU+007D
(}
). It denotes the Unicode code point equal to the provided hex value, encoded as UTF-8. - A whitespace escape is one of the characters
U+006E
(n
),U+0072
(r
), orU+0074
(t
), denoting the bytes values0x0A
(ASCII LF),0x0D
(ASCII CR) or0x09
(ASCII HT) respectively. - The backslash escape is the character
U+005C
(\
) which must be escaped in order to denote its ASCII encoding0x5C
.
A C string represents bytes with no defined encoding, but a C string literal
may contain Unicode characters above U+007F
. Such characters will be replaced
with the bytes of that character's UTF-8 representation.
The following C string literals are equivalent:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { c"æ"; // LATIN SMALL LETTER AE (U+00E6) c"\u{00E6}"; c"\xC3\xA6"; }
Edition Differences: C string literals are accepted in the 2021 edition or later. In earlier additions the token
c""
is lexed asc ""
.
Raw C string literals
Lexer
RAW_C_STRING_LITERAL :
cr
RAW_C_STRING_CONTENT SUFFIX?RAW_C_STRING_CONTENT :
"
( ~ IsolatedCR NUL )* (non-greedy)"
|#
RAW_C_STRING_CONTENT#
Raw C string literals do not process any escapes. They start with the
character U+0063
(c
), followed by U+0072
(r
), followed by fewer than 256
of the character U+0023
(#
), and a U+0022
(double-quote) character. The
raw C string body can contain any sequence of Unicode characters (other than
U+0000
) and is terminated only by another U+0022
(double-quote) character,
followed by the same number of U+0023
(#
) characters that preceded the
opening U+0022
(double-quote) character.
All characters contained in the raw C string body represent themselves in UTF-8
encoding. The characters U+0022
(double-quote) (except when followed by at
least as many U+0023
(#
) characters as were used to start the raw C string
literal) or U+005C
(\
) do not have any special meaning.
Edition Differences: Raw C string literals are accepted in the 2021 edition or later. In earlier additions the token
cr""
is lexed ascr ""
, andcr#""#
is lexed ascr #""#
(which is non-grammatical).
Examples for C string and raw C string literals
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { c"foo"; cr"foo"; // foo c"\"foo\""; cr#""foo""#; // "foo" c"foo #\"# bar"; cr##"foo #"# bar"##; // foo #"# bar c"\x52"; c"R"; cr"R"; // R c"\\x52"; cr"\x52"; // \x52 }
Number literals
A number literal is either an integer literal or a floating-point literal. The grammar for recognizing the two kinds of literals is mixed.
Integer literals
Lexer
INTEGER_LITERAL :
( DEC_LITERAL | BIN_LITERAL | OCT_LITERAL | HEX_LITERAL ) SUFFIX_NO_E?DEC_LITERAL :
DEC_DIGIT (DEC_DIGIT|_
)*BIN_LITERAL :
0b
(BIN_DIGIT|_
)* BIN_DIGIT (BIN_DIGIT|_
)*OCT_LITERAL :
0o
(OCT_DIGIT|_
)* OCT_DIGIT (OCT_DIGIT|_
)*HEX_LITERAL :
0x
(HEX_DIGIT|_
)* HEX_DIGIT (HEX_DIGIT|_
)*BIN_DIGIT : [
0
-1
]OCT_DIGIT : [
0
-7
]DEC_DIGIT : [
0
-9
]HEX_DIGIT : [
0
-9
a
-f
A
-F
]
An integer literal has one of four forms:
- A decimal literal starts with a decimal digit and continues with any mixture of decimal digits and underscores.
- A hex literal starts with the character sequence
U+0030
U+0078
(0x
) and continues as any mixture (with at least one digit) of hex digits and underscores. - An octal literal starts with the character sequence
U+0030
U+006F
(0o
) and continues as any mixture (with at least one digit) of octal digits and underscores. - A binary literal starts with the character sequence
U+0030
U+0062
(0b
) and continues as any mixture (with at least one digit) of binary digits and underscores.
Like any literal, an integer literal may be followed (immediately, without any spaces) by a suffix as described above.
The suffix may not begin with e
or E
, as that would be interpreted as the exponent of a floating-point literal.
See Integer literal expressions for the effect of these suffixes.
Examples of integer literals which are accepted as literal expressions:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { #![allow(overflowing_literals)] 123; 123i32; 123u32; 123_u32; 0xff; 0xff_u8; 0x01_f32; // integer 7986, not floating-point 1.0 0x01_e3; // integer 483, not floating-point 1000.0 0o70; 0o70_i16; 0b1111_1111_1001_0000; 0b1111_1111_1001_0000i64; 0b________1; 0usize; // These are too big for their type, but are accepted as literal expressions. 128_i8; 256_u8; // This is an integer literal, accepted as a floating-point literal expression. 5f32; }
Note that -1i8
, for example, is analyzed as two tokens: -
followed by 1i8
.
Examples of integer literals which are not accepted as literal expressions:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { #[cfg(FALSE)] { 0invalidSuffix; 123AFB43; 0b010a; 0xAB_CD_EF_GH; 0b1111_f32; } }
Tuple index
Lexer
TUPLE_INDEX:
INTEGER_LITERAL
A tuple index is used to refer to the fields of tuples, tuple structs, and tuple variants.
Tuple indices are compared with the literal token directly. Tuple indices
start with 0
and each successive index increments the value by 1
as a
decimal value. Thus, only decimal values will match, and the value must not
have any extra 0
prefix characters.
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { let example = ("dog", "cat", "horse"); let dog = example.0; let cat = example.1; // The following examples are invalid. let cat = example.01; // ERROR no field named `01` let horse = example.0b10; // ERROR no field named `0b10` }
Note: Tuple indices may include certain suffixes, but this is not intended to be valid, and may be removed in a future version. See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/60210 for more information.
Floating-point literals
Lexer
FLOAT_LITERAL :
DEC_LITERAL.
(not immediately followed by.
,_
or an XID_Start character)
| DEC_LITERAL.
DEC_LITERAL SUFFIX_NO_E?
| DEC_LITERAL (.
DEC_LITERAL)? FLOAT_EXPONENT SUFFIX?FLOAT_EXPONENT :
(e
|E
) (+
|-
)? (DEC_DIGIT|_
)* DEC_DIGIT (DEC_DIGIT|_
)*
A floating-point literal has one of two forms:
- A decimal literal followed by a period character
U+002E
(.
). This is optionally followed by another decimal literal, with an optional exponent. - A single decimal literal followed by an exponent.
Like integer literals, a floating-point literal may be followed by a
suffix, so long as the pre-suffix part does not end with U+002E
(.
).
The suffix may not begin with e
or E
if the literal does not include an exponent.
See Floating-point literal expressions for the effect of these suffixes.
Examples of floating-point literals which are accepted as literal expressions:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { 123.0f64; 0.1f64; 0.1f32; 12E+99_f64; let x: f64 = 2.; }
This last example is different because it is not possible to use the suffix
syntax with a floating point literal ending in a period. 2.f64
would attempt
to call a method named f64
on 2
.
Note that -1.0
, for example, is analyzed as two tokens: -
followed by 1.0
.
Examples of floating-point literals which are not accepted as literal expressions:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { #[cfg(FALSE)] { 2.0f80; 2e5f80; 2e5e6; 2.0e5e6; 1.3e10u64; } }
Reserved forms similar to number literals
Lexer
RESERVED_NUMBER :
BIN_LITERAL [2
-9
]
| OCT_LITERAL [8
-9
]
| ( BIN_LITERAL | OCT_LITERAL | HEX_LITERAL ).
(not immediately followed by.
,_
or an XID_Start character)
| ( BIN_LITERAL | OCT_LITERAL ) (e
|E
)
|0b
_
* end of input or not BIN_DIGIT
|0o
_
* end of input or not OCT_DIGIT
|0x
_
* end of input or not HEX_DIGIT
| DEC_LITERAL ( . DEC_LITERAL)? (e
|E
) (+
|-
)? end of input or not DEC_DIGIT
The following lexical forms similar to number literals are reserved forms. Due to the possible ambiguity these raise, they are rejected by the tokenizer instead of being interpreted as separate tokens.
-
An unsuffixed binary or octal literal followed, without intervening whitespace, by a decimal digit out of the range for its radix.
-
An unsuffixed binary, octal, or hexadecimal literal followed, without intervening whitespace, by a period character (with the same restrictions on what follows the period as for floating-point literals).
-
An unsuffixed binary or octal literal followed, without intervening whitespace, by the character
e
orE
. -
Input which begins with one of the radix prefixes but is not a valid binary, octal, or hexadecimal literal (because it contains no digits).
-
Input which has the form of a floating-point literal with no digits in the exponent.
Examples of reserved forms:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { 0b0102; // this is not `0b010` followed by `2` 0o1279; // this is not `0o127` followed by `9` 0x80.0; // this is not `0x80` followed by `.` and `0` 0b101e; // this is not a suffixed literal, or `0b101` followed by `e` 0b; // this is not an integer literal, or `0` followed by `b` 0b_; // this is not an integer literal, or `0` followed by `b_` 2e; // this is not a floating-point literal, or `2` followed by `e` 2.0e; // this is not a floating-point literal, or `2.0` followed by `e` 2em; // this is not a suffixed literal, or `2` followed by `em` 2.0em; // this is not a suffixed literal, or `2.0` followed by `em` }
Lifetimes and loop labels
Lexer
LIFETIME_TOKEN :
'
IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD
|'_
LIFETIME_OR_LABEL :
'
NON_KEYWORD_IDENTIFIER
Lifetime parameters and loop labels use LIFETIME_OR_LABEL tokens. Any LIFETIME_TOKEN will be accepted by the lexer, and for example, can be used in macros.
Punctuation
Punctuation symbol tokens are listed here for completeness. Their individual usages and meanings are defined in the linked pages.
Delimiters
Bracket punctuation is used in various parts of the grammar. An open bracket must always be paired with a close bracket. Brackets and the tokens within them are referred to as "token trees" in macros. The three types of brackets are:
Bracket | Type |
---|---|
{ } | Curly braces |
[ ] | Square brackets |
( ) | Parentheses |
Reserved prefixes
Lexer 2021+
RESERVED_TOKEN_DOUBLE_QUOTE : ( IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD Exceptb
orc
orr
orbr
orcr
|_
)"
RESERVED_TOKEN_SINGLE_QUOTE : ( IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD Exceptb
|_
)'
RESERVED_TOKEN_POUND : ( IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD Exceptr
orbr
orcr
|_
)#
Some lexical forms known as reserved prefixes are reserved for future use.
Source input which would otherwise be lexically interpreted as a non-raw identifier (or a keyword or _
) which is immediately followed by a #
, '
, or "
character (without intervening whitespace) is identified as a reserved prefix.
Note that raw identifiers, raw string literals, and raw byte string literals may contain a #
character but are not interpreted as containing a reserved prefix.
Similarly the r
, b
, br
, c
, and cr
prefixes used in raw string literals, byte literals, byte string literals, raw byte string literals, C string literals, and raw C string literals are not interpreted as reserved prefixes.
Edition Differences: Starting with the 2021 edition, reserved prefixes are reported as an error by the lexer (in particular, they cannot be passed to macros).
Before the 2021 edition, reserved prefixes are accepted by the lexer and interpreted as multiple tokens (for example, one token for the identifier or keyword, followed by a
#
token).Examples accepted in all editions:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { macro_rules! lexes {($($_:tt)*) => {}} lexes!{a #foo} lexes!{continue 'foo} lexes!{match "..." {}} lexes!{r#let#foo} // three tokens: r#let # foo }
Examples accepted before the 2021 edition but rejected later:
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { macro_rules! lexes {($($_:tt)*) => {}} lexes!{a#foo} lexes!{continue'foo} lexes!{match"..." {}} }